Brush for dynamo-electric machines.



A. PRESS.

BRUSH FOR DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

APPLICATION FILED MAR.17, 1906.

1,028,964, Patented June 11, L912.

IN'VENTURI MTNESSEE AJz-qak am Press.

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' Annmar- UNITED sra'rns PATIENT enr c ABRAHAM PRESS, 0F NOR WOOD, OHIO, ASSIGNOR T0 BULLOCK ELECTRIC MANU- FACTURING C0MPAN'Y,- .& GORPGEtkTlCOIt 0F 031.33.

BRUSH roe prrmrro-ntnc'rarc Machines.

Specification of Letters Patent. Application filed March 17, 1905. Serial Ito. 3065554.

Patented June 11, 1912.;

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, ABRAHAM Press, a citizen of. the United States, residing at Norwood, in the county of Hamilton and vState of Ohio, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Brushes for Dynamo-Electric Machines, of which the following is a full, clear, and exact specification.

My invention relates to brushes for dynamo-electric machines;

The object of my invention is to provide a brush by means of which commutation sparking can be very much reduced, especially in high speed machines in which sparking hasheretofore presented a very difficult problem.

When a brush is commutating, the shortcircuited coil tends to send excessive currents through the brush. If the coil possesses considerable magnetic inertia, due to self induction, thechange of current in the coil is not gradual and proportionate to the Contact areas of the brush and commutator bar. Instead of a gradual and proportionate change taking place, the current of the short-circuited coil tendsto persist in the same direction causing inordinate increases of current density in the brush surface area.

Therefore the: reactance of the armature coils and leads should be as small as possible, and since the commutator bars are in reality th'e ends of the armature coils, the bars should be made ofloW reactance material. 'Again since the short-circuited coil is usually in a magnetic field, an alternating electroanotive force may be generated in the coil causing excessive current densities in the brush. The currents in a brush of a direct current machine consisttherefore of several components,a direct' current. and

one or more alternating currents, and since.

commutation usually takes place in a machine ata very rapid rate these alternating currents are of very high frequencies. If

there is a reactance in the commutator brushes external to the oommutated coil,

which reactance has no effect on the direct current, these eirtra and pernicious currents which are the cause of sparking can, be

avoided.

In carrying out my invention, I provide a commutating brush which has a high react-' ance, and therefore ofiers a high resistance or choking efiect to the variable or alternat the brush when a coil is short-circuited, but offers little resistance to a direct current.

In the preferred embodiment of my invention I employ a current carrying material having a large skin efiect and therefore considerable inherent reactance, and artificially increase the reactance by surround-- ing or partially surrounding the current carrying portion With magnetic material such as iron.

More specifically considered my invention consists of a brush constructed of alternately arranged long current carrying laminae and short laminae of magnetic material, the laminee being insulated fromeach other, at least for a portion of their length, whereby the. short lamina, which practically surround the long laminae, increase the 'reactance of the brush, to a very great extent.

My invention still further consists in the details of construct-ion and combinations of elements described in the specification and ing currents which normally pass through set forth in the appended claims.

' For a better understanding of my inventionreference is'had to the accompanying drawing forming apart ofthis application, in Which- 1 Figure 1 shows a portion of a commutator, and a brush embodying my invention, the parts being exaggerated out of'their true proportions; Fig. 2 is a section on theline 22 of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a perspective of a brush made in accordance with my invention; and Fig. 4 is a section through a modified form of the brush,

In the arrangement shown in Figs. 1 and 2, there isa commutator 17 on which bears the laminated brush 18. This brush consists of alternately arranged current carrying lamina: 19 adapted to engage the commutator, 'and shorter reactance or impedance-increasing lamina: 20. The laminae 19 may be of metal and are preferably ofiron m which the inherent reactance due to the skin effect is very great. The shorter "laminvcQO are of magnetic material -hav1ng-ahigh. magnetic conductivity such as iron,

and are insulated from the main current" carrying laminae, at least for' a portion of their length, as is shown at Q1. llfdesiredthe laminze'may be insulated fro n'each other a greater extentqthan-shown. Qne or more rivets 22 are preferably employedfor holdin the laminae to ether. its-1s shownin Fig. 2 the laminae 20 are of the same width as the current carrying laminae 19, and hence the latter are almost entirely surrounded by the former, the lower portions and edges only of the laminae 19 being exposed.

The function of the shorter magnetic laminae 20 is to increase the reactance of the brush, which reactance chokes down the alternating or pulsating currents normally in a brush .while a coil is undergoing commutation. These currents due to the self-induction-of the coil and to the generation of electro-motive force by the coil cutting lines of force of the main field, cause sparking. Since the current carrying laminae 19 are surrounded except at their edges by the laminae 20 of magnetic material, practically the only paths for the high frequency currents are at the outer edges of the laminae. It is seen that the higher the speed of rotation, the higher is the frequency of the alternating currents and hence the greater the reactance of the brush or the choking action to the currents which normally cause sparking. As was stated above, the current carrying laminae 19 are preferably made of iron on account of the inherent reactanc'e due to the skin effect. If desired, however, other material such as coppercanbe used for this purpose, in which case the shorter magnetic laminae 20 would still be employed.

In Figs. 1 and 2 the proportions have been exaggerated to more clearl show the construction and function of t 1e parts.

In Fig. 3 is shown a perspective of a brush in which the parts are more nearly in their true proportions.

If desired the current-carrying laminae of the brush may be entirely surrounded by the magnetic material as is shown in Fig. t. In this figure each current carrying laminae 23 is entirely surrounded by a shield of magnetic material 24.

Abrush constructed according to my invention is very serviceable for high speeds of rotation. Since the speeds of direct current machines have been limited by'tlie difiiculties of commutation such as sparking, brush es constructed according to my invention are especially useful for direct current turbo-generators.

I do not desire to materials used nor to the exact details of construction since many changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of my invention.

What I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is 1. A brush fordynamo-electric machines comprising a plurality of current carrying laminae and a plurality of laminae of magneticmaterial, said current carrying lamina: and magnetic laminae being alternately arranged.

be limited to the exact 2. brush for dynamo-electric machines comprislng a member having alarge m-,

herent reactance, and means associated therewith for intensifying the reactance of said member. a I

3. A brush for dynamo-electric machines comprising a conducting member having a large skin effect and one or more members of magnetic material adjacent thereto.

4. A brush for dynamo-electric machines.

comprising a strip of magnetic material and a metallic strip having a high magnetic permeability on each side thereof. v

5. A brush for dynamo electric machines comprising a plurality of alternately arranged current conduct-ing iron laminae and reactance iron laminae, only the former laminae 'extending to the commutator end of the brush.

6. In a brush, a plurality of current con ducting laminae and a plurality of shorter laminae of magnetic material, said laminae being alternately arranged.

7. In combination, a pluralityfof alternately arranged current conducting laminae and laminae of magnetic material, said laminre being insulated from one another for at least a portion of their length.

8. In combination, a commutator, a current carrying member adapted to engage the commutator and a plurality of shorter members of magnetic material, said members being insulated from one another at the com-.-

mutator end.

S). A brush comprising a group of iron laminae adapted tov engage a commutator, and a plurality of 1ron lammae shorter than the first'named laminae and arranged intermediate thcreof, said laminae being insulated from one another for at least a portion of their length. 10. A brush comprising a group of alternately arranged long and short iron laminae, the long laminae only being adapted to engage a commutator, saidlaminze being insulated from one another for at least a-\portion of their length, and means for holding 7 all said laminae together. 11. As an article of manufacture, a brush for dynamo-electric machines consist ng of a plurality of iron laminae.

12. A brush for dynamo-electric nia-' chines, comprising conducting strips in sulated from one another at the commutator end, and magnetic material adjacent to said strips. Y

13; In combination, a commutator, and a brush comprising a group of interconnected conducting strips insulated from one another at the end adjacent to the commutater and magnetic material adjacent to said strips.

14. In combination, a commutator, and

a brush comprising a group of intercompected conducting strips of magnetic mateiso rial insulated from one another at the commutator end, said strips being so arranged that less than all of them bear upon the commutator.

15. A brush for dynamo-electric machines, comprising a plurality of current conducting portions which are in parallel for currents from the armature to the outside circuit and at times are in series for currents which flow in short-circuited coils of the armature, and magnetic material between said portions.

16. In a brush for dynamo-electric machines, a plurality of current carrying portions connected at points remote from the commutator end 03" the brush and insulated at the commutator end of the brush, said portions being of magnetic material, and a plurality' of pieces of magnetic material ar- 'anged alternately with said current carrying portions at the commutator end of the brush.

17. in a brush for dynamo-electric machines, a plurality of currentcarrying portions connected at points remote from the commutator end of the brush and insulated at the commutator end of the brush, said portions being or" magnetic material, and a plurality of members of magnetic material interspersed among said current carrying portions atthe commutator end of the brush. V

In testimony whereof I attix my signature in the presence of two witnesses.

ABRAHAM PRESS. VJitnesses:

ARTHUR FRED. J.

F. Kiwis, Kinsey. 

